Resumen El fruto de zarzamora (Rubus fruticosus) es considerado alto en fibra, vitaminas, minerales y antioxidantes y se destacan por tener propiedades terapéuticas. Sin embargo, es importante determinar si estos antioxidantes aún se conservan en alimentos o frutas procesados; y brindar al consumidor información nutricional de este producto, el cual ha tenido una gran demanda en la región centro del Estado de Veracruz. El objetivo principal fue determinar los contenidos totales de flavonoides y antocianinas en la mermelada y licor de zarzamora artesanal; así como la cantidad de carbohidratos, lípidos y proteínas totales en estos productos, elaborados en Atecaxil, Veracruz, México. Se realizó un tamiz fitoquímico preliminar cualitativa y Cromatografía en Capa Fina de Alta Resolución (HPTLC, por sus siglas en inglés) en frutos, licor y mermelada artesana de zarzamora l. Los flavonoides y antocianinas totales se cuantificaron en la mermelada y licor artesanal de zarzamora por espectrofotometría, durante los tres años de producción. Con la prueba fitoquímica cualitativa, se encontró mayor presencia (+++) de alcaloides y flavonoides tanto en el fruto como en ambos productos artesanales. Se observó en la placa cromatográfica, bandas de color púrpura a púrpura claro, que son características de las antocianinas (Rf 0.2 a 0.3). Durante los tres años de producción la concentración de flavonoides y antocianinas fue similar, comparando entre los productos, hay mayor cantidad de flavonoides totales en la mermelada (43,6 mg) que en el licor (16,0 mg). Las antocianinas se encontraron en mayor cantidad en la mermelada de mora (59,3 mg) que en el licor de mora (23,6 mg). El licor de zarzamora artesanal se encontró un valor energético de 82,48 kJ/19,7 kcal por 15 mL, 3,5 g de carbohidratos, 0,1 g de lípidos y 0,1 g de proteína total, 33 porciones por envase (cada porción de 15mL). En la mermelada de zarzamora artesanal se encontró un valor energético de 110.11kJ/26.3 kcal por 10 g, 6g de carbohidratos, 0.1 g de lípidos y 0.1 g de proteína total, 34 porciones cada envase (cada porción de 10 g). Estos productos artesanales podrían competir en el mercado; debido que aún se preservan los flavonoides y antocianinas, y su valor energético podría proporcionar información importante al consumidor.

Abstract The fruit of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) bush is considered high in fiber, vitamins, mineral and some components are considered as antioxidants, they stand out by their therapeutic properties. Nevertheless, it is important to determine if these antioxidants are still retained in processed food; and to provide the consumer nutrimental information of this product, which has been in great demand in the central region of the State of Veracruz. The main objective was to determine the total contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins in jelly and handmade blackberry liqueur; as well as the amount of total carbohydrates, lipids and proteins contained in these products, produced in Atecaxil, Veracruz, Mexico. A preliminary phytochemical analysis and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) were performed on fruits, liquor and jelly of blackberry handmade. Total flavonoids and anthocyanins were quantified by spectrophotometry, during the three years of production. In the three samples there was a higher presence of alkaloids and flavonoids (+++). Bands purple color to light purple were observed on the chromatography plate (Rf 0.2 a 0.3), they are characteristic of anthocyanins. During the three years of production, the concentration of flavonoids of flavonoids and anthocyanins were similar, comparing between the products, there is a greater concentration of total flavonoids in jelly (43.6 mg) than in liqueur (16.0 mg). Anthocyanins were found in higher concentration in the blackberry jelly (59.3mg) than in the blackberry liqueur (23.6 mg). Both products recovered total flavonoids and anthocyanins, after the processing of the blackberry fruit. The handmade liqueur had an energetic value of 82.48kJ/19.7 kcal per 15 mL, 3.5g of carbohydrates, 0,1 g of lipids and 0.1 g of total protein, 33 serving per container (each portion or serving of 15 mL). In the artisanal blackberry jelly there was an energetic value of 110.11kJ/26.3 kcal per 10 g, 6g of carbohydrates, 0.1 g of lipids and 0.1 g of total protein, 34 portions each container (each portion of 10g). These products could compete in the handmade market, because the total flavonoids and anthocyanins are still preserved during the fabrication of the product; which could provide important information to the consumer.

Resumen Se prepararon películas a base de una mezcla de almidón de chayotextle y gelatina (SG) de acuerdo a las siguientes concentraciones SG 3:1, SG 2:2, y SG 1:3. Dos controles fueron considerados en las películas; gelatina (G) y almidón (S). Se adicionó glicerol como plastificante para todos los tratamientos en un 2 %. El objetivo de esta investigación fue el estudio del efecto de las diferentes concentraciones de almidón de chayotextle y gelatina en las propiedades físicas, mecánicas y de barrera de las películas. El tratamiento G presentó la más alta solubilidad comparado con aquellos tratamientos en los que se incluyó al almidón. Los resultados FT-IR exhibieron la huella molecular característica de la gelatina y del almidón. No se detectaron nuevas bandas en los espectrómetros de las mezclas de gelatina. El más bajo porcentaje de cristalinidad apareció en las películas SG 2:2 con 37.8%. Este valor incrementó hasta un 64.9% en el tratamiento G. La variación de porcentajes en las mezclas almidón-gelatina produjo diferencias en las estructura y propiedades de las películas. Estas propiedades podrían ser configuradas, adaptadas y aplicadas de acuerdo a los requerimientos de la industria de ingeniería de alimentos, farmacéutica y biomédica.

Abstract Films made from a mixture of Chayotextle starch-Gelatin (SG) were prepared according to the following concentrations SG 3:1, SG 2:2, and SG 1:3. Two controls were considered; gelatin (G) and starch (S) films. Glycerol was added as a plasticizer to all treatments at 2 %. The aim of this research was the study of the effect of different concentrations of chayotextle starch and gelatin on the physical, mechanical and barrier properties of films. G treatment presented higher solubility in comparison to those treatments with presence of starch. FT-IR exhibited the characteristic molecular fingerprint of gelatin and starch. There was not detected new bands in the spectrometers of the mixed films. The lowest percentage of crystallinity appeared in SG 2:2 films with 37.8 %. This value increased up to 64.9 % in the G treatment. The variation of ratios in the mixture starchgelatin produced differences in structure and properties of films. These properties could be configured, adapted and applied according to the requirements of the food engineering, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industry.

SUMMARY Precision agriculture (PA) aims to identify crop and soil variability to improve management and optimize the use of inputs. Yield maps become a relevant tool for PA planning. Vegetation indices (VI) from remote sensing allow monitoring the spatio-temporal variation of crops in the growing season. The objective of this work was to evalúate the performance of different Sentinel-2A VIs to estímate soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) yield within the framework of PA. The study was carried out using a soybean yield map during the 2017/2018 season from a plot located to the south of Córdoba city, Argentina. Every two bands were taken from a Sentinel-2A image from 4/Feb/2018 and VI were calculated using differences, ratios and normalized differences. The absolute value of the Pearson linear correlation coefficient (|r|) between the different IVs and soybean yield was computed. The highest value of |r| (0.726) corresponded to the difference between bands 8 (NIR) and 12 (SWIR), allowing to reproduce with sufficient precision the spatial variability of yields in the plot.

RESUMEN La agricultura de precisión (AP) apunta a identificar la variabilidad del cultivo y del suelo en un lote para mejorar el manejo y optimizar el empleo de insumos. Los mapas de rendimiento son herramientas relevantes para planificar la AP. Los índices de vegetación (IV) provenientes de la teledetección permiten monitorear la variación espacio-temporal de los cultivos durante la estación de crecimiento. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la idoneidad de diferentes IV de Sentinel-2A para estimar el rendimiento de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril) en el marco de la AP. El estudio se realizó empleando un mapa de rendimiento de soja (campaña 2017-2018) de un lote ubicado al sur de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. Se calcularon IV empleando la diferencia, el cociente y la diferencia normalizada, tomando de a dos bandas de una imagen de Sentinel-2A del 4/2/2018. Se computó el valor absoluto del coeficiente de correlación lineal de Pearson (|r|) entre los distintos IV y el rendimiento de soja. El mayor valor de |r| (0,726) correspondió a la diferencia entre las bandas 8 (NIR) y 12 (SWIR), permitiendo reproducir con suficiente precisión y anticipación la variabilidad espacial de los rendimientos en el lote.

Resumen En los últimos años el óxido de grafeno ha sido motivo de estudio debido a sus propiedades electrónicas, magnéticas, térmicas y mecánicas. Este estudio presenta dos métodos diferentes de funcionalización química para la obtención óxidos de grafeno (GO) adheridos a una superficie de grafito pirolítico de alta densidad (HOPG) por spray coating ácido. Para el rociado en el primer método, se utilizaron dos ácidos fuertes (H2SO4 y HNO3). En el segundo método de rociado, se utilizaron tres ácidos fuertes (H2SO4/HNO3/HCl). Para los dos casos el intervalo de rociado fue de 2, 4 y 6 horas. Se caracterizaron las placas de HOPG mediante análisis de SEM-EDS, FTIR, XRD y espectroscopia Raman, mediante el análisis exhaustivo de estos ensayos y verificando todas las variantes, ya sea por evidencia de picos en FTIR, planos predominantes en la red cristalina y observación de bandas D y G de los grupos funcionales característicos del GO por análisis Raman permitió determinar la presencia de GO en la superficie del grafito, además el método demuestra la capacidad de funcionalización de la superficie de (HOPG) por la formación de una fina lamina de átomo de C con hibridación sp2 correspondiente a la banda 2D y al grupo funcional C=C.

Abstract In recent years, graphene oxide has been the subject of study due to its electronic, magnetic, thermal, and mechanical properties. This study presents two different methods of chemical functionalization to obtain graphene oxides (GO) adhered to a high-density pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface by acid spray coating. For the spraying in the first method, two strong acids (H2SO4 and HNO3) were used. In the second spray method, three strong acids (H2SO4 / HNO3 / HCl) were used. For both cases, the spray interval was 2, 4 and 6 hours. The HOPG plates were characterized by SEM - EDS, FTIR, XRD and Raman spectroscopy analysis, through exhaustive analysis of these assays and verifying all variants, either by evidence of peaks in FTIR, predominant planes in the crystal lattice and observation. of bands D and G of the functional groups characteristic of GO by Raman analysis allowed to determine the presence of GO on the surface of graphite, in addition the method demonstrates the functionalization capacity of the surface of (HOPG) by the formation of a thin sheet of C atom with sp2 hybridization corresponding to band 2D and functional group C = C.

Resumo O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar os valores das porcen- tagens das diferentes frações da Caseína do leite de Cabras Crioulas e Saanen. Para isso, foram avaliadas 6 cabras adultas de cada raça de uma pecuária comercial, localizada na região semi-árida do cen- tro-oeste da Argentina. As cabras eram alimentadas à base de alfafa e grão de milho, o serviço era realizado por montaria natural. As amos- tras foram coletadas por ordenha manual, levando 100cc/animal aos 15, 30 e 45 dias pós-parto. Para determinação da porcentagem de Alfa, Beta e Kappa-caseína, foi utilizado o método de eletroforese vertical em gel UREA-PAGE e as bandas foram lidas aplicando-se o método de semiquantificação com o software ImageJ. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que em ambas raças os valores de Alfa-caseína foram au- mentando, enquanto os de Beta e Kappa-caseína diminuíram ao lon- go da amostragem. Da mesma forma, verificou-se que a Alfa-caseína foi maior no leite de cabra Saanen, enquanto os percentuais de Beta e Kappa-caseína foram mais elevados no leite de cabra Crioula, encon- trando diferença estatisticamente significativa para Alfa e Beta-caseína nos três momentos avaliados e no caso da Kappa-caseína apenas na amostra de 45 dias. Concluiu-se que o leite de cabra Crioula possui menor percentual de Alfa-caseína do que o leite de cabra Saanen, o que o tornaria menos alergênico e possui percentual mais elevado de Beta e Kappa-caseína, situação que permitiria uma coagulação rápida para a elaboração de queijos e uma maior estabilidade e firmeza nos iogurtes.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue contrastar los porcentajes de las diferentes fracciones de caseína en leche de cabras Criollas y Saanen. Para ellos se evaluaron 6 cabras adultas de cada raza de una ganadería comercial, ubicada en la región semiárida del centro oeste de Argentina. Las cabras se alimentaron en base a alfalfa y grano de maíz. Las muestras se colectaron por ordeño manual, tomando 100 cm3 por animal a los 15, 30 y 45 días postparto. Para determinación de los porcentajes de alfa-caseína, beta-caseína y kappa-caseína, se utilizó el método de electroforesis vertical en gel de UREA-PAGE y las bandas se leyeron aplicando el método de semi-cuantificación con software ImageJ. Los resultados expusieron que en ambas razas los valores de alfa-caseína fueron en aumento, mientras los de beta y kappa-caseína disminuyeron a lo largo del muestreo. Asimismo, se encontró que alfacaseína fue más elevada en leche de cabra Saanen, mientras que los porcentajes de beta y kappa-caseína fueron más elevada en leche de cabra Criolla, encontrando diferencia estadística significativa para alfa y beta-caseína en los tres momentos evaluados y en el caso de kappa-caseína solo en el muestreo de los 45 días. Se concluyó que la leche de cabra Criolla posee menor porcentaje de alfa-caseína que la leche de cabra Saanen, lo que la haría menos alergénica y posee un porcentaje más elevado de beta y kappa-caseína, situación que per mitiría una coagulación rápida para la elaboración de quesos y una estabilidad y firmeza más elevado en los yogures

Abstract The objective of the present work was to compare the values of the percentages of the different fractions in the milk casein of Criollo and Saanen goats. For this purpose, 6 adult goats of each breed from a commercial goat herd, located in the semi-arid region of central western Argentina, were evaluated. The goats were fed on alfalfa and corn grain, and service was performed by natural mating. Samples were collected by hand milking, taking 100 c.c./animal at 15, 30 and 45 days post-partum. To determine the percentage of alpha, beta and kappa casein, the UREA-PAGE vertical gel electrophoresis method was used and the bands were read applying the semi-quantification method with ImageJ software. The results found showed that in both breeds the values of alpha casein were increasing, while those of beta and kappa casein decreased throughout the sampling. Likewise, it was found that alpha casein was higher in Saanen goat milk, while the per- centages of beta and kappa casein were higher in Criollo goat milk, finding a significant statistical difference for alpha and beta casein at the three times evaluated and in the case of kappa casein only in the 45-day sampling. It was concluded that Criollo goat milk has a lower percentage of alpha casein than Saanen goat milk, which would make it less allergenic and has a higher percentage of beta and kappa casein, a situation that would allow a quick coagulation for cheese production and a higher stability and firmness in yogurts.

Abstract Objective: Disorders of sexual development are a group of congenital diseases that affect the normal formation of genital structures. Within the pathophysiologic mechanisms described, there are genetic factors caused by chromosomal or sex-determining gene alterations. Therefore, chromosomal analysis is an essential priority in the diagnostic approach. Alterations in the chromosomes and the SRY gene as a cause of disorder of sexual development was analyzed herein. Material and methods: G or R-banding karyotype and FISH analyses for the SRY gene were performed in lymphocytes, gonadal tissue, and scrotal tissue in twelve cases, three cases, and one case, respectively. The clinical information was obtained from the patients’ medical reports. Results: In 9 (73%) cases, the assigned sex was male, and in 3 (27%) cases, it was female. Karyotype 46,XY was found in 8 (66%) cases, 46,XX in 2 (17%) cases, and mosaic karyotype in 2 (17%) cases with idic(Y). A single case of gonadal tissue showed mosaicism due to the presence of a tetraploid cell line. The most common clinical diagnosis was abnormal genital differentiation in 8 (67%) cases, followed by hypospadias in 5 (41.7%) cases. Conclusions: The results show the importance of applying different cytogenetic tests in making the diagnosis, and the need for a multidisciplinary team to address the disorder.

Resumen Objetivo: Los trastornos del desarrollo sexual son un grupo de enfermedades congénitas que afectan la formación normal de los genitales. Dentro los mecanismos fisiopatológicos descritos existen factores genéticos causados por alteraciones cromosómicas o en los genes determinantes en la diferenciación sexual. En este trabajo se analizaron alteraciones cromosómicas y en el gen SRY como posible causa del trastorno. Se realizó cariotipo con bandas G o R y FISH para SRY en linfocitos, tejido gonadal y tejido escrotal. Materiales y métodos: La información clínica de los sujetos de investigación se obtuvo de los informes de los médicos tratantes. En 9 (73%) casos el sexo asignado fue masculino y en 3 (27%) casos fue femenino. 8 de los casos (66%) tuvieron cariotipo 46,XY; 2 casos (17%) 46,XX y en 2 casos (17%) se reportaron mosaicos con presencia de idic(Y). Un solo caso de tejido gonadal mostró mosaicismo debido a la presencia de una línea celular tetraploide. El diagnóstico clínico más frecuente fue de genitales ambiguos en 8 casos (67%). Seguido de hipospadias en 5 casos (41,7%). Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran la importancia de aplicar diferentes pruebas citogenéticas en el diagnóstico y la necesidad del seguimiento de los pacientes por un equipo transdisciplinario para abordar estas condiciones clínicas.

Abstract Salinity is an abiotic factor that produces a decrease in crop yields, plants respond by modifying their gene expression and inducing changes in protein synthesis. The objective was to determine the effect of Rhizophagus irregularis and NaCl on the electrophoretic pattern of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae). Tomato plants were inoculated with R. irregularis (0, 1.5 and 3 g of inoculum) and treated with 0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl, for 30 days. Then, the total soluble protein content is quantified by the Bradford method and its electrophoretic pattern is evaluated by SDS- PAGE on leaves and roots. The total soluble protein content in the compliant leaves increases the amount of inoculum of R. irregularis, while in the adjusted conforming roots the concentration of NaCl increases; as for its electrophoretic pattern, in leaves, a 111 kDa protein appears due to the effect of NaCl and R. irregularis; in roots a protein of 73 kDa appears; In addition, changes in the intensity of some bands in leaves and roots were observed. Possibly these changes are consequences of the alteration of protein synthesis due to the ionic and osmotic imbalance generated by NaCl.

Resumen La salinidad es un factor abiótico que produce disminución en el rendimiento de los cultivos, las plantas responden modificando su expresión génica e inducen cambios en la síntesis de proteínas. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de Rhizophagus irregularis y NaCl sobre el patrón electroforético de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae). Se inocularon plantas de tomate con R. irregularis (0, 1.5 y 3 g de inóculo) y tratadas con 0, 100 y 200 mM de NaCl, por 30 días. Luego, se cuantifico el contenido de proteínas solubles totales mediante el método de Bradford y se evaluó su patrón electroforético mediante SDS-PAGE en hojas y raíces. El contenido de proteínas solubles totales en hojas aumentó conforme aumenta la cantidad de inóculo de R. irregularis, mientras que en raíces disminuye conforme incrementa la concentración de NaCl; en cuanto a su patrón electroforético, en hojas, aparece una proteína de 111 kDa por efecto del NaCl y R. irregularis; en raíces aparece una proteína de 73 kDa; además se observaron cambios en la intensidad de algunas bandas en hojas y raíces. Posiblemente estos cambios, sean consecuencia de la alteración de la síntesis proteica por el desequilibrio iónico y osmótico que genera el NaCl.

Abstract Background: Lycoperdon perlatum is a wild edible mushroom traditionally valued as a nutritious food with therapeutic and medicinal properties with biotechnological potential. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of β-glucans from mycelium grown in vitro and from sporomes of wild Lycoperdom perlatum. Methods: Mycelium was cultured in vitro by liquid state fermentation (LSF), while wild sporomes were collected from a forest of Pinus and Abies. The biomass of both fungal materials was dried and processed to extract the β-glucans by successive extraction in aqueous and alkaline solution. The extracts were subsequently purified and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results and conclusions: The sporomes presented a higher concentration of β-glucans, with 13.80 g of total β-glucans per 100 g of dry biomass, of which, 2.36 g correspond to an aqueous fraction and 11.58 g correspond to an alkaline fraction. The mycelium presented 11.50 g of β-glucans per 100 g of dry biomass, of which, 1.40 g correspond to an aqueous fraction, and 10.11 g correspond to an alkaline fraction. The FTIR spectrum of the four precipitates show the characteristic bands of a β-glucan.

Resumen Antecedentes: Lycoperdon perlatum es un hongo silvestre comestible valorado tradicionalmente como alimento nutritivo, con propiedades terapéuticas y medicinales, además de presentar potencial biotecnológico. Objetivo: El objetivo fue evaluar la producción de β-glucanos en L. perlatum a partir del micelio producido in vitro y de esporomas silvestres. Métodos: Se utilizó micelio propagado en fermentación en estado líquido (LSF) y esporomas silvestres recolectados en un bosque de Pinus-Abies. La biomasa de ambos materiales fúngicos se secó y procesó para obtener los β-glucanos mediante extracciones sucesivas en solución acuosa y alcalina. Los extractos fueron purificados y caracterizados por espectroscopía infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Resultados y conclusiones: Se encontró que los esporomas presentaron la mayor concentración de β-glucanos con 13.80 g de β-glucanos totales por 100 g de biomasa seca, de los cuales, 2.36 g de β-glucanos por 100 g de biomasa seca corresponden a la fracción acuosa y 11.58 g a la fracción alcalina. El micelio presentó 11.50 g de β-glucanos por 100 g de biomasa seca, de los cuales 1.40 g corresponden a fracción acuosa y 10.11 g corresponden a fracción alcalina. El espectro FTIR de los precipitados muestra las bandas características de un β-glucano.

RESUMO Atualmente, existe uma demanda na busca por materiais com alta densidade de potência, longo ciclo de vida e baixo impacto ambiental que são em sua maioria utilizados para a produção de supercapacitores, sendo esses considerados fontes promissoras de energia para sistemas eletrônicos. Os tipos de materiais mais promissores para essa aplicação são os baseados em carbono, devido à sua flexibilidade, área superficial e boa estabilidade eletroquímica. Para a produção de materiais carbonosos, o principal precursor utilizado é a poliacrilonitrila (PAN) e suas variações a partir da adição de monômeros, como o acrilato de metila (MA). Geralmente, esses materiais são utilizados em formas de mantas, fios ou nanofibras produzidos a partir de processos de fiação e posteriormente carbonizados para gerar o material carbonáceo. Um dos processos de fiação que tem sido amplamente estudado para a obtenção de nanofibras de carbono é o processo de eletrofiação. Portanto, este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos do processo de carbonização de mantas eletrofiadas a partir de solução de PAN homopolímero (PANH) e PAN-co-acrilato de metila 6 % (PA6MA) com dimetilformamida (DMF) com o intuito de obter material para uso em supercapacitores. Os polímeros utilizados foram analisados por DSC para a obtenção dos valores relacionados a faixa de ciclização, sendo possível observar uma melhor estabilidade térmica relacionada as amostras de PAN6MA com faixa de temperatura de 240-312 °C e temperatura máxima do pico exotérmico de 292 °C. As mantas obtidas pelo processo de eletrofiação foram oxidadas a 235°C por 5min e carbonizadas a 900 °C por 5 min. As mantas obtidas, antes e após o processo de carbonização, foram analisadas por MEV apresentando fibras de superfície lisa, dispersas aleatoriamente e de dimensões nanométricas, sendo os valores de diâmetro aproximado de 219 nm para as nanofibras de carbono de PANH (NfcPANH) e 185 nm para as nanofibras de carbono de PAN6MA (NfcPAN6MA). As mantas carbonizadas foram analisadas pela técnica RAMAN e foi possível a obtenção de dados referentes a estrutura carbônica presente nas amostras, onde os valores obtidos demonstraram que as amostras de NfcPAN6MA apresentaram menor valor de grau de cristalinidade medida a partir da relação entre as bandas D e G conhecido como fator ID/IG, sendo o valor obtido igual a 1,06 para as NfcPNA6MA e 1,24 para as NfcPANH, isso demonstra uma maior presença de estruturas grafíticas cristalinas quando comparadas as amostras produzidas a partir da PANH. Para obtenção das características capacitivas foram realizados levantamento das curvas carga/ descarga por análise cronopotenciométrica, foi possível observar as melhores características relacionadas a capacitância específica e estabilidade de ciclagem em baixas correntes aplicadas para as amostras de PAN6MA com valores de capacitância específica de 270,9 F/g, densidade de energia de 30,0 Wh/kg e densidade de potência de 153,5 W/kg. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o material apresentou potencial para a aplicação proposta.

ABSTRACT Currently, there is a demand in the search for materials with high power density, long life cycle and low environmental impact that are mostly used fot the supercapacitors production, which are considered promising energy power for electronic systems. The most promising types of materials for this application are those based on carbon, due to their flexibility, surface area and good electrochemical stability. For the production of carbonaceous materials, the main precursor used is polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and its variations from the addition of monomers, such as methyl acrylate (MA). Generally, these materials are used in forms of blankets or yarns produced from spinning processes and later carbonized to generate the carbonaceous material. One of the spinning processes that has been widely studied for obtaining carbon nanofibers is the electrospinning process. Therefore, this paper presents the results obtained from the carbonization of electrospun blankets manufactured from solutions of polyacrylonitrile homopolymer (PANH) and poly (acrylonitrile-co-6 % methyl acrylate) (PAN6MA) combined with dimethylformamide in order to obtain material for use in supercapacitors. The polymers used were analyzed by DSC to obtain the values related to cyclization, by that were possible to observe a better thermal stability related to the samples of PAN6MA, with a temperature range of 240-312 ºC and maximum temperature of the exothermic peak of 292 °C. The electrospun mats were oxidized at 235°C per 5 min and carbonized at 90 °C per 5 min. Both pre-carbonization and post-carbonization mats were analyzed by SEM, showing fibers with smooth surface, randomly dispersion and nanometric size, with values of diameter of approximately 219 nm for PANH carbon nanofibers (NfcPANH) and 185 nm for PAN6MA carbon nanofibers (NfcPAN6MA). The carbonized mats were analyzed by RAMAN technique and it was possible to obtain the data related to the carbon structure present in the samples, where the obtained values showed that the mats manufactured from PAN6MA presented the lower value of degree of crystallinity measured from the relationship between bands D and G known as factor ID/IG, the value obtained being equal to 1.06 for NfcPAN6MA and 1.24 for NfcPANH, this shows a higher concentration of crystalline graphitic structures when compared with the samples produced from PANH. To obtain the capacitive characteristic, the load/discharge curves were surveyed by chronopotentiometric analysis, where it was possible to observe the best characteristics related to the specific capacity and low current cycling stability applied to the PAN - co- 6% methyl acrylate sample with specific capacity values of 270.9 F/g, energy density of 30.0 Wh/kg and power density of 153.5 W/kg. The results obtained demonstrated that the material presented potential for the proposed application.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Fragile X syndrome (SXF) is the lead hereditary cause of intellectual disability and autism. Women with premutation in FMR1 gene, related to SXF, are usually asymptomatic, but they could have affected children. We report a case of SXF, product of an in vitro fertilization, secondary to an egg donation from a carrier of the premutation in the FMR1 gene. Description of the case: A couple required assisted reproduction because the woman had antecedent of hypophysectomy. An in vitro fertilization was done using a donated egg, achieving a twin pregnancy. The female twin was diagnosed with full mutation in the FMR1 gene and SXF by her second year of age. Donor woman, who was asymptomatic, was found to be a carrier of the premutation for SXF. Discussion: The protocols to evaluate the risk of inherit genetic diseases for egg donors stint to band G karyotypes, which don—t consider genetic alterations with recessive inheritance pattern. Next generation sequencing allows to identify carriers of allelic heterozygote variations related with pathology. Women with the premutation in FMR1 have a risk of 50%, in each pregnancy, to pass down an affected allele to their offspring, who would be affected by SXF. Genetic counseling is mandatory in that cases. Conclusion: Gamete donor candidates should be submitted to molecular tests to identify allelic variants that could be inherited to the recipient offspring and cause genetic diseases.

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome de X frágil (SXF) es la primera causa heredable de discapacidad intelectual y autismo. Mujeres con la premutación del gen FMR1, relacionado con SXF, suelen ser asintomáticas, pero pueden tener hijos afectados. Se reporta un caso de SXF producto de fecundación in vitro con óvulos de una donante portadora de la premutación del FMR1. Descripción del caso: Pareja que requirió reproducción asistida dado que la mujer tenía antecedente de hipofisectomía; se realizó fecundación in vitro con óvulo donado, lográndose un embarazo gemelar. El gemelo femenino fue diagnosticado a los 2 años de edad con mutación completa del gen FMR1 y SXF, y la donante de óvulos, quien era asintomática, fue posteriormente confirmada como portadora de la premutación del FMR1. Discusión: El protocolo de evaluación del riesgo de heredar enfermedades genéticas para donantes de óvulos se limita al cariotipo bandas G. Esta prueba no analiza alteraciones genéticas de herencia recesiva. Mediante secuenciación de nueva generación se podrían identificar portadoras de variantes alélicas patogénicas en estado de heterocigosis. Las mujeres con premutación del FMR1, tienen un riesgo del 50% de transmitir el alelo anormal a sus descendientes en cada embarazo, y estos de ser afectados por el SXF; por tanto, la asesoría genética es requerida en estos casos. Conclusión: Los donantes de gametos deberían ser evaluados mediante pruebas moleculares para detección de variantes alélicas que pudieran ser transmitidas a sus gametos, y que pudieran generar enfermedades genéticas en los embarazos a partir de ellos.

Resumen La dextrina y la pectina extraída de residuos vegetales de yuca, papa y ñame se emplearon en la formulación de un pegamento. Los residuos vegetales fueron caracterizados y se determinó el rendimiento para el proceso de extracción de dextrina por método de calcinación (80,0%) y para la extracción de pectina por hidrólisis ácida (10,3%). La dextrina fue caracterizada mediante la prueba positiva con yodo y la solubilidad en agua con ausencia de azúcares reductores. En la espectroscopia IR se observaron las bandas características de los grupos funcionales de dextrina. La pectina obtenida es baja en metoxilo y de alto grado de esterificación por lo que necesita de la presencia de iones calcio para gelificar. Se evaluaron las propiedades funcionales y organolépticas de las muestras de pegamento siendo la formulada con 0,25 % de pectina la que presentó mejores características.

Abstract Dextrin and pectin extracted from cassava, potato and yam plant residues were used in the formulation of a glue. The plant residues were characterized and the yield was determined for the dextrin extraction process by calcination method (80.0%) and for the pectin extraction by acid hydrolysis (10.3%). Dextrin was characterized by the positive test with iodine and the solubility in water with the absence of reducing sugars. In IR spectroscopy, the characteristic bands of dextrin fiinctional groups were observed. The pectin obtained is low in methoxyl and with a high degree of esterification, which is why it needs the presence of calcium ions to gel. The fiinctional and organo leptic properties of the glue samples were evaluated, with the one formulated with 0.25% pectin showing the best characteristics..

RESUMO Introdução: O aumento da síntese intratecal de imunoglobulina da classe G (IgG) pode ser encontrado em diferentes doenças neuroinflamatórias. Objetivo: Avaliar retrospectivamente diferentes métodos de avaliação da imunoprodução intratecal. Métodos: Dados de líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) e soro enviados para o Senne Liquor Diagnóstico entre 2001 e 2017 foram avaliados. Dados de citologia, bioquímica e imunologia foram comparados entre amostras com e sem bandas oligoclonais (BOCs). Comparações dos parâmetros do LCR entre amostras com (BOC+) e sem BOCs (BOC-) foram realizadas, e a habilidade de predizer a presença de BOCs foi avaliada por meio de curvas ROC. Resultados: Foram incluídas 8.947 amostras, sendo 2.599 BOC+ e 6.348 BOC-. Contagens de linfócitos e monócitos foram significativamente associadas à presença de BOC (p < 0,001). Todos os métodos de avaliação da IgG foram significativamente associados a BOC+; os com maior associação foram o índice de IgG e o Reiber [área sob a curva receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) = 0,881 e 0,863, respectivamente]. Entre os casos BOC-, o índice de IgG foi elevado em 9,56%, e o Reiber mostrou aumento de produção de IgG em 4,6%. Conclusão: Houve forte associação entre BOC e outros parâmetros neuroinflamatórios do LCR. A existência de casos BOC- com aumento da produção de IgG por métodos quantitativos sugere que tanto métodos qualitativos quanto quantitativos devem ser utilizados na avaliação dos processos neuroinflamatórios.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Increased intrathecal immunoglobulin class G (IgG) synthesis can be found in several neuroinflammatory diseases. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze quantitative and qualitative methods of intrathecal immunoproduction evaluation. Methods: We retrospectively assessed data from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples sent to Senne Liquor Diagnóstico from 2001 to 2017. Cytological, biochemical, and immunological data were compared between cases with and without oligoclonal bands (OCBs). Comparisons between samples with OCBs (OCB+) and without them (OCB-) were carried out, and the ability to predict the presence of OCBs was assessed with ROC analysis. Results: We included 8,947 samples (2,599 OCB+ samples and 6,348 OCB- samples). CSF lymphocytes and monocytes were significantly associated with the presence of OCB (p < 0.001). All the inflammatory parameters were significantly associated with OCB, and the methods with the highest predictive ability for OCB were IgG index and Reiber diagram [area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve = 0.881 and 0.863, respectively]. A small percentage of cases without OCB had high IgG index (9.56%) or Reiber diagram, showing increased IgG production (4.6%). Conclusion: We showed a strong association between OCB and other CSF inflammatory parameters. The presence of cases with increased quantitative CSF IgG synthesis without OCB suggests that both quantitative and qualitative methods should be performed in the evaluation of neuroinflammatory processes.

RESUMEN Introducción: El incremento de la síntesis intratecal de inmunoglobulina G (IgG) puede ser encontrado en diferentes enfermedades neuroinflamatorias. Objetivo: Analizar retrospectivamente diferentes métodos de evaluación de la producción intratecal. Métodos: Se examinaron datos del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) y suero enviados para el Senne Liquor Diagnóstico entre 2001 y 2017. Se compararon datos de citología, bioquímica e inmunología entre muestras con y sin bandas oligoclonales (BOC). Se hicieron comparaciones de los parámetros del LCR entre muestras con (BOC+) y sin BOC (BOC-), y la habilidad para predecir la presencia de BOCs fue evaluada mediante curvas ROC. Resultados: Se incluyeron 8.947 muestras, con 2.599 BOC+ y 6.348 BOC-. Recuentos de linfocitos y monocitos fueron significativamente asociados a la presencia de BOC (p < 0,001). Todos los métodos de evaluación de IgG fueron significativamente asociados a BOC+; aquellos con mayor asociación fueron el índice de IgG y el Reiber (área bajo la curva ROC = 0,881 y 0,863), respectivamente. Entre los casos BOC-, el índice de IgG fue alto en 9,56% y el Reiber demostró incremento de producción en 4,6%. Conclusión: Hubo fuerte asociación entre BOC y otros parámetros neuroinflamatorios del LCR. La existencia de casos BOC- con incremento de producción de IgG mediante métodos cuantitativos sugiere que tanto métodos cualitativos como cuantitativos deben ser usados en la evaluación de procesos neuroinflamatorios.

Amniotic band syndrome is a congenital fetal abnormality characterized by fibrous bands and multiple disruptive anomalies that vary in presentation and complexity, some of which are incompatible with life. We present 18 cases of this syndrome and the associated pathology. Five newborns and 13 fetuses were examined following the standard pathological examination protocol. Nine were males and nine, females, with body weight varying from less than 100 g to 3 680 g. Cases of amniotic bands affected fingers (13 cases), limbs (5 cases), lips (6 cases), face (6 cases), head (6 cases), abdominal wall (2 cases) and umbilical cord (8 cases). Eight cases included associated malformations in heart, lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and umbilical cord (single artery, velamentous insertion, short umbilical cord, nuchal cord). Maternal age was 17 to 41 years; 26 years in average. There were 11 primiparous and 7 multiparous women. Five women had a history of previous abortions. The mothers showed no other pathology. In conclusion, fetuses with the amniotic band syndrome present polymorphic and asymmetric anomalies which should be differentiated from those of chromosomal or genetic origin. Ultrasound examination may identify amniotic bands that could be excised, thus releasing the limb or anatomical segment involved.

El síndrome de banda amniótica es una entidad congénita fetal que consiste en la presencia de bandas fibrosas y anomalías disruptivas muy variadas y variables en presentación y complejidad, algunas incompatibles con la vida. Se presenta 18 casos de síndrome de banda amniótica con estudio anatomopatológico de los fetos o neonatos y revisión de la historia clínica materna. Se encontró 5 neonatos y 13 fetos, 9 de ellos de sexo masculino y 9 de sexo femenino. El menor pesó 19 g y el mayor fue un neonato de 3 680 g; 9 fetos pesaron < 110 g. Las lesiones encontradas estuvieron en dedos 13, en labio 6, en cara 6, en cráneo 5, en abdomen 2, en cordón umbilical 8, en pared abdominal 2, en extremidades 5. Se encontró malformaciones asociadas en 8 casos, de tipo renal, cardiaca, pulmonar, digestiva, musculoesquelética, neurológica y del cordón umbilical. Las del cordón umbilical fueron arteria única, cordón corto, inserción velamentosa y circular de cordón. En relación a la madre, la edad fue entre 17 y 41 años, promedio 26 años; 11 casos ocurrieron en primigestas; de las 7 multigestas, 5 tuvieron abortos previos. No se encontró otros antecedentes familiares o patológicos de importancia. Se concluye que el síndrome de banda amniótica produce en los fetos anomalías polimorfas y asimétricas que es necesario diferenciarlas de aquellas de tipo cromosómico o genético. Así mismo, existe la posibilidad de una intervención intraútero que elimine las bandas fibrosas diagnosticadas ecográficamente a temprana edad gestacional.

RESUMO: A buva (Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.) está entre as plantas daninhas resistentes ao glifosato mais difíceis de serem manejadas em todo o mundo. Na ciência das plantas daninhas, abordagens moleculares, como o sequenciamento de RNA (RNA-Seq) e a reação da transcriptase reversa da polimerase em tempo real (RT-qPCR), têm sido empregadas para estudar as respostas moleculares ao tratamento com glifosato em espécies de Conyza. No entanto, o tratamento com glifosato leva à produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) em plantas, que podem danificar o RNA. A degradação do RNA é um problema e pode comprometer futuras análises moleculares. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o tratamento com glifosato interfere negativamente na integridade do RNA de biótipos de buva resistente e sensível ao glifosato. Dois experimentos foram realizados utilizando doses de glifosato de 0 a 11.840 g e.a. ha-1 e avaliados em um tempo de até 288 horas após o tratamento. O total de 86 amostras de RNA foram avaliadas. A integridade do RNA foi avaliada em um equipamento Bioanalyzer 2100 de acordo com escores de número de integridade de RNA (RIN) e em gel de eletroforese. Os escores do RIN variaram de 5,1 a 9,0. Doses de glifosato não reduziram os escores do RIN em biótipos de buva resistentes e sensíveis ao glifosato. A análise visual e automática do gel de eletroforese mostrou resultados adequados para todas as amostras de RNA, com bandas bem definidas nas posições 28S e 18S e sem degradação. Os resultados da análise indicam que o tratamento com glifosato não afeta negativamente a integridade do RNA dos biótipos resistentes e sensíveis ao glifosato da buva até 288 e 192 horas após o tratamento com glifosato, respectivamente. A análise da integridade do RNA fornece resultados úteis. Entretanto, os custos são altos e ficaram em torno de US $ 14,25 por amostra, considerando apenas os reagentes. Esses resultados são úteis para o planejamento de experimentos futuros em Conyza spp. após o tratamento com glifosato.

ABSTRACT: The hairy fleabane ( Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.) is among the most problematic glyphosate-resistant weeds to manage around the world. In weed science, molecular approaches such as RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) have been employed to study molecular responses to glyphosate treatment in Conyza species. Glyphosate treatment leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in plants which could damage the RNA. Degraded RNA is an issue and can compromise further molecular analysis. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether glyphosate treatment interferes negatively on RNA integrity of glyphosate-resistant and -sensitive hairy fleabane biotypes. Two experiments were performed using glyphosate doses from 0 to 11,840 g a.e. ha-1 and evaluated in a time-course until 288 hours after treatment. The total of 86 RNA samples were evaluated. The RNA integrity was evaluated in a Bioanalyzer 2100 equipment according to RNA integrity number (RIN) scores and electrophoresis gel. The RIN scores ranged from 5.1 to 9.0. Glyphosate doses do not reduce the RIN scores in both glyphosate-resistant and -sensitive biotypes of hairy fleabane. Visual and automatic analysis of electrophoresis gel show suitable results for all RNA samples, with well-defined bands at 28S and 18S positions and no degradation. The results of the analysis indicate that glyphosate treatment does not affect the RNA integrity of glyphosate-resistant and -sensitive biotypes of hairy fleabane until 288 and 192 hours after glyphosate treatment, respectively. The RNA integrity analysis provides useful results to evaluate the RNA condition for further analysis. However, the costs were around US$ 14.25 per sample, considering only reagents. These results are useful for planning future time-course experiments in Conyza spp. after glyphosate treatment.

The Carollia genus is a diverse group of bats from the Neotropical region, the similarity of its morphometric characters and high level diversity make it difficult to pinpoint the exact identification of species from this genus along its distribution. However, despite the Carollia being common for Colombia, there does not exist some cytogenetic research for Colombian Caribbean region, therefore, it characterized its karyotype and cranial morphometry, providing useful data that can contribute to taxonomic identification of the genus. The specimens of C. perspicillata samples were collected in forest fragments and civil society reserves in the Córdoba department, Colombia. Captured 15 individuals (6 males and 9 females) obtaining average forearm values of 41.92 mm, tibia 18.49 mm and weight 16.80 g, in addition to the values obtained for the cranial, dental and mandibular measurements that confirm that the material was catalogued correctly as C. perspicillata. Five specimens were used for the karyotype analysis (3 males, 2 females), counting 262 metaphases. The diploid number of C. perspicillata was determined from 2n = 20/XX for females and 2n = 21XY1Y2 for males with Fundamental Number = 36. By band G, homogeneity was found in pairs 1, 2, 3 and 5. This research increases the geographic representativeness of the cytogenetic studies of C. perspicillata for the northern of Colombia, preserving normality in terms of the chromosomal number reported.

El género Carollia es un grupo diverso de murciélagos neotropicales. La similitud de caracteres morfométricos y alto grado de diversidad, dificulta la identificación precisa de las especies del género. Pese a ser un género común en Colombia, no existen reportes citogenéticos para la región Caribe, por tanto, se caracterizó su cariotipo y morfometría craneal, aportando datos citogenéticos útiles para dilucidar la taxonomía del género. Se realizaron muestreos en fragmentos de bosque y reservas de la sociedad civil del departamento de Córdoba. Se capturaron 15 individuos (6 machos, 9 hembras) obteniendo valores promedios de antebrazo de 41.92 mm, tibia de 18.49 mm y peso de 16.80 g, además de los valores obtenidos para las medidas craneales, dentales y mandibulares que confirman que el material fue correctamente catalogado como C. perspicillata. Cinco ejemplares fueron cariotipados (3 machos, 2 hembras), contabilizando 262 metafases. El número diploide de C. perspicillata se determinó de 2n = 20/XX para hembras y 2n = 21XY1Y2 para machos con Número Fundamental = 36. Por bandeo G se encontró homogeneidad en los pares 1, 2, 3 y 5. Con este trabajo, se incrementa la representatividad geográfica de los estudios citogenéticos de C. perspicillata para la costa norte de Colombia, conservando normalidad en cuanto al número cromosómico reportado.